SKILL 5- 10

SKILL 5 COORDINATE CONNECTORS
EXERCISE 5 : Each of the following contains more than one clause. Underline the subject once and bold the verbs twice. Italic the connectors. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).

C 1. The lawn needs water everyday, or it will turn brown.
I 2. The book was not long, but it difficult to read.
I 3. It was raining, so decited not to go camping.
C 4. The material has been cut, and the pieces have been sewn together.
I 5. The patient took all the medicine, he did neot feel much better.
C 6. The bill must be paid immediately, or the electricity will turned off.
C 7. The furnace broke so the house got quite cold.
C 8. The dress did not cost too much, but the quality it seemed excellent.
C 9. The leaves kept failing off the tress, and the boys kept raking them up, but he yard was still covered.
C 10 The postman has already delivered the mail, so the letter is not going to arrive today, it probably will arrive tomorrow.

SKILL 6 ADVERB CLAUSE CONNECTORS
EXERCISE 6 : Each of the following contains more than one clause. Underline the subject once and bold the verbs twice. Italic the connectors. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).

C 1. After the palne circled the airport, it landed on the main runway.
I 2. The registration process took many hours since the lines so long.
I 3. This type of medicine can be helpful, it can also have some bad side effects.
C 4. The waves were amazingly hight when the storm hit the coastal town.
I 5. We need to get a new car whether is on sale or not.
C 6. Just as the bread came out of the oven, while a wonderfull aroma filled the new house.
I 8. Althought the area is a desert many planyts bloom there in the springtime.
C 9. The drivers on the freeway drove slowly and carefully while the rain was falling heavily because they did not want to have an accident.
I 10. If you plan carefully before you take a trip, will have a much better time because the small details will not cause problems.


EXERCISE (Skill 5 - 6 : Each of the following contains more than one clause. Underline the subject once and bold the verbs twice. Italic the connectors. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).

C 1. The lawyer presented a strong case, but the client still found guilty.
C 2. After the children read some stories before they went to bed.
I 3. The report needed to be completed, the workers stayed late every night for a week.
C 4. If you do not turn on the lights, you will trip in the dark.
C 5. A thick fog came rolling in, so planes unable to land.
C 6. All of the shoes are on sale until the current stock is gone.
C 7. The ship leaving the dock even though some passengers were not on board.
C 8. The outline must be turned in to the teacher a week before the paper is due, and must approve it.
I 9. Because the food was cold when it was served the dinners sent it back to the kitchen.
C 10. You should slow down while you are driving on the poloce will pull your car over.


TOEFL EXERCISE (Skill 5-6) : Choose the letter of the word or group of words that best completes the sentence.
1. A spacecraft is freed from friction after is launched into space.
2. Lobster blending with their surrounding, or they hide in crevices for protection.
3. The shoulder is a ball-and-socket joint, the elbow is a simple hinge joint.
4. a car has several sections with moving parts, good lubrication of those parts is essential.
5. Bears cannot see well because they have small eyes.
6. When a land bridge existed at the Isthmus of Panama, so animals werw able to migrate between North and South America.
7. The Empire State Building is mostly made of granite, it also contains some human-maade materials.
8. Pressure differences make the eardrum vibrate as sound waves enter.
9. An optical microscope magnifies as musvh as 2,000 times, but an electron microscope can magnify as much as a million times.
10. If scientific estimates are accurate, the Canon Diablo meteorite colliding with the Earth about 20,000 years ago.


TOEFL REVIEW EXERCISE (Skill 1-6) : Choose the letter of the word or group of words that best completes the sentence.
1. The economic activity of the Pueblo Indians centered on intensive agriculture.
2. In popular terminology, any long snowstorm with a large amount of wind Is called a blizzard.
3. Nuclear power can be produced by fusion, it can also produced bay fusion.
4. If the temperature is high, igneous rocks may be changed into gneisses.
5. In 1905, henry Flaigler announced hiis plants to extend his Florida East Coast Railway out across the sea to Key West.
6. The sound is coming from a vibrating object will be high or low depending on the number of vibrations.
7. During the kate 1880s, urban streercars were electrified through used large motors.
8. Although Biscayne National Park encompasess almost 274 square miles, but 96 percent of the park is under water.
9. Legislation was passed in 1916 and 1917 gave the Wlison administration authority to intervence in the national economy if it proved necessary.
10. Because the family of birds set up housekeeping in Joel Chandler Harris’s mailbox when the birds were in need of a place to stay, so the home was named the Wren’s Nest.

SKILL 7 NOUN CLAUSE CONNECTORS
EXERCISE 7: Each of the following contains more than one clause. Underline the subject once and bold the verbs twice. Italic the connectors. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).

C 1. It is unfortunate that the meal is not ready yet.
I 2. She told me when should pick her up.
I 3. The instructor explained where was the computer lab located.
C 4. We could not believe what he did to us.
C 5. Do you want to know if it going to rain tomorrow ?
C 6. We never know whether we will get paid or not.
C 7. This evening you can decide what do you want to do.
I 8. The manager explained how wanted the work done.
C 9. The man showed whether the party would be held.
I 10. Can you tell me why was the mail not delivered today ?


SKILL 8 NOUN CLAUSE CONNECTOR/SUBJECT
EXERCISE 8 : Each of the following contains more than one clause. Underline the subject once and bold the verbs twice. Italic the connectors. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).

I 1. The teacher heard who answered the question.
C 2. I do not understand what it went wrong.
I 3. Of the three movies, I can’t decide which is the best.
I 4. She did not remember who in her class.
I 5. No one is sure what did it happen in front of the building.
I 6. We found out which was her favorite type of candy.
I 7. Do you know what caused the plants to die ?
C 8. I am not sure which it is the most important course in the program ?
I 9. We thought about who would be the best vice president.
I 10. She saw what in the box in the closet.


EXERCISE ( Skill 7-8 ) : Each of the following contains more than one clause. Underline the subject once and bold the verbs twice. Italic the connectors. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).
I 1. It doubtful whether he will pass the test or not.
I 2. The group discussed who he should receive the prize.
C 3. It is not certain why the class was cancelled.
I 4. I will do what does it need to be done.
C 5. We forgot when did the movies start.
C 6. I would like to ask if you could comes over for dinner this weekend.
C 7. The children knew which the best game to play.
C 8. The advisor informed her that needed to add another class.
C 9. He saw who took the money.
C 10. It is unclear how the window got broken.


TOEFL EXERCISE (Skill 7-8) : Choose the letter of the word or group of words that best completes the sentence.
1. Today the true sttory of happened at Little Bignorn remains a mystery.
2. For more than a decade, the warnings of bird-watchers that certain species are becoming scarce.
3. Early in the eighteenth century, Halley accyrately predicted when the comet was of 1682 would return.
4. No single factor explains why the effects of aging vary so greatly among individuals.
5. Lack of clasrity about who will lead the party in the year will be removed at the party’s convention.
6. We do not sure whether the bow drill was first develop for woodworling or fire making.
7. minute Man National Historical Park is a moniment to where the beginning of the Revolutionary War.
8. Tests on the colors cars were conducted at the University of California to determine which the safest colors for cars.
9. The National Institute of Dental Research estimates for school children in fluoridated areas have about 25 percent less decay than children elsewwhere.
10. The process of photosynthesis explains how green plants are able to use the energy in sunlight to manufacture foods from the simple chemical in air and water.


TOEFL REVIEW EXERCISE (Skill 1-8) : Choose the letter of the word or group of words that best completes the sentence.
1. Air near the equator has a faster west – to – east motion than air farther from the equator.
2. About 4000 B.C.,humans discovered that metals could be obtained from special rocks called ores.
3. In the degradation of DNA quickly after an animal dies.
4. It improves aerodynamic design has contributed a major part in reducing resistance to motion.
5. The southern part of Florida is much warmer in the winter then the northern part, so more flocks of tourists.
6. The Moon’s gravity pulls water on the near side of the Earth toward the Moon, and this is what causes tides to occur.
7. Glaciers moving, they pick up fragments of rock which become frozen into the base of the ice.
8. The tape measure first evolved from the chains are measuring used by the Egyptians.
9. A typical Atlantic hurricane starts as a low pressure system near coast to Africa.
10. It is not clear whether the subdivisions of the neocortex are individual units.





SKILL 9 ADJECTIVE CLAUSE CONNECTORS
EXERCISE 9 : Each of the following contains more than one clause. Underline the subject once and bold the verbs twice. Italic the connectors. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).
C 1. I did not believe the story that he told me.
I 2. Ms.Brown, whom did you recommend for the job, will start work tommorow.
I 3. The lecture notes which lent me were not clearly written.
C 4. Sally has an oppointment with the hairdresser whom you recommended.
I 5. The phone number that you give me.
I 6. She is able to solve all the problems which did she cause.
C 7. The day that she spent on the beach left her sunburned.
I 8. Next week I am going to visit my cousins, whom have not seen in several years.
C 9. Did you forget the promise whom you made?
C 10. The teacher whom the students like the most is their history teacher.


SKILL 10 ADJECTIVE CLAUSE CONNECTORS/SUBJECTS
EXERCISE 9 : Each of the following contains more than one clause. Underline the subject once and bold the verbs twice. Italic the connectors. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).

C 1. The children that were vaccinated did not get sick.
I 2. I did not vote for the politician who he just wont the election.
C 3. The dog that barking belongs to my neighbor.
I 4. I took two of the blue pills, which were very effective.
I 5. We rented an apartment from the landlord who does he own the buildings on Maple Street.
I 6. She forgot to attend the meeting which it began at 11:00.
C 7. Any student who does not turn in the paper by Friday will fail the class.
C 8. The people which came in late had to sit at the back.
C 9. The cources that satisfy the graduation requirements they are dificult.
I 10. After dinner she went to visit her parrents, who were living down the street.



EXERCISE (Skill 9-10) : Each of the following contains more than one clause. Underline the subject once and bold the verbs twice. Italic the connectors. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).

I 1. My sisters prefer to eat food that have cooked themselves.
C 2. The boat that hit the underwriter rock sank.
C 3. The car which he was driving could not posibly be his.
I 4. The children built a house in the tree that in the backyard.
C 5. The cost of the strip which we wanted to take.
C 6. The children are playing with the toys which their mother told them to put away.
C 7. The guest who were seated arround the dinner table.
C 8. The students have to read all the chapters which are on the test.
I 9. I really do not like the artists which you like.
C 10. The stones that they were set in the ring were quite valuable


TOEFL EXERCISE (Skill 9-10) : Choose the letter of the word or group of words that best completes the sentence.
1. Modern hummans, who first appeared about 600,000 years ago, they were called Homo sapiens.
2. The first writing has evidence of is on Mesopotamian clay tablets.
3. Succulents which are drought-resistant plant which store water in fleshy tissue.
4. Benjamin Kabelsky, whom most people know as jack benny, was a famous comedian in vaudeville and on radio and television.
5. Dinosaurs are known that hunted other animals tended to have very narrow, sharp, curved claws.
6. The first eyeglasses had convex lenses for the aged who becoming far-sighted.
7. Chimney rock, it stands 500 feet above the North Platte River, has eroded considerablyin the last two centuries.
8. The change in hormones is that accompany recurring bouts of severe depression reduce bone density.
9. Willa Cathher is an author whom readers praise for her evocative and memorable vision off frontier prairie life.
10. Mars’s tiny moon Phobos is a small mountain of rock that was probably captured from the asteroid belt by Mars’s gravitational pull.


TOEFL REVIEW EXERCISE (Skill 1-10) : Choose the letter of the word or group of words that best completes the sentence.
1. Annapolis is famous as the home the United State Naval Academy.
2. Some scientists think that Pluto does not seem be a planet but a moon of Neptune.
3. With the appearance was of sophisticated oil lamps, elaborate tools were made to cut the wicks.
4. Fort Union was the site of what being the principal-fur-trading post on the upper Missouri River.
5. Since the face of the movie commercial risk, it has to appeal to a large audience to justify its costs.
6. A current of water known as the Gulf Stream comes up from the Gulf of Mexico, and then crosses it the North Atlantic toward Europe.
7. Systems using the two synbols 0 and 1 are called binary number system.
8. Genes, they are the blueprints for cell construction, exist in tightly organized packages called chromosomes.
9. The Earth’s atmosphere consist of gases hold in place arround the Earth by the gravitational pull of the planet.
10. Oscar Hannerstein II collaborated with a number of composers including Jerome Kern, whom he joined in writing the musical Show Boat.

SKILL 1 - 4

SKILL 1 : SUBJECT AND VERBS
EXERCISE 1 : Underline the subject once and bold the verbs twice of the following sentences. Then indicate if the sentences are correct ( C ) or incorrect ( I ).

I 1. My best friends always helpful with problems.
C 2. The bus schedule has change since last week.
C 3. Accidentally droppped the glass on the floor.
I 4. The customer paying the clerk for the clothes.
C 5. The professor handed the syllabus to the students.
I 6. Each day practiced the piano for hours.
C 7. The basketball players tossed the ball into the hoop.
I 8. The new student in the class very talkative and friendly.
I 9. Walking with the children to school.
C 10.The whales headed south for the winner.

SKILL 2 OBJECTS OF PREPOSITIONS
EXERCISE 2 : Each of the following sentences contains one or more prepositional phrases. Underline the subject once and bold the verb twice. Italic the prepositional phrases that come before the verb. Then indicate if the sentences are correct ( C ) or incorrect ( I).

C 1. The name of the baby in the crib is Jack.
I 2. By the next meeting of the class need to turn in the papers.
C 3. The direction to the exercise on page twenty unclear.
C 4. Because of the heavy rain throughout the night, the walkways are muddy.
I 5. During the week eat lunch in the school cafeteria.
C 6. In the morning after the concert was tired.
C 7. In the summer the trip to the mountains is our favorite trip.
I 8. In a box on the shelf of the cabine in the hallway of the house.
I 9. With her purse in her hand ran through the door.
I 10. At 1:00 in the morning the alarm clock on the table beside the bed rang.


EXERCISE (Skill 1-2) : Underline the subject once and bold the verbs twice.Italic the prepositional phrases that come before the verb. Then indicate if the sentences are correct ( C ) or incorrect ( I ).

C 1. During the meeting in the office discussed the schedule.
I 2. The doctor gave the patient a presciption.
I 3. The tall evergreen trees along the road.
C 4. The watch in the jewelry box needs a new baterry.
I 5. Pleasantly greets everyone in all the offices every morning.
C 6. In the office of the building across the street from the park on the corner.
C 7. The dishes in the sink really need to be washed as soon as posible.
I 8. In a moment of worry about the problem with the cash in the account.
C 9. The plane from New York circling the airport.
C 10. On a reguler basis the plants in the boxes under the window in the kitchen are watered and fed


TOEFL EXERCISE (Skill 1-2) : Choose the letter of the word or group of words that best completes the sentence.
1. Mark Twain called the years after the Civil War the “ Gilded Age.”
2. Early horses had toes instead of hooves on their feet.
3. Tundra plants are found grow close to the ground in the short Arctic summer.
4. In 1867, the United States’ purchase of Alaska from the Russians for $ 7,2 million.
5. Between 1725 and 1750, New England witnessed an increase in the specialization of occupations.
6. The large caroid artery carryng blood to the main parts of the brain.
7. The development by Marconi radio as the first practical system of wireles telegraphy.
8. In 1975, the first succesful space probe to Venus it was beginning to send information back to Earth.
9. The two biggest resort towns in Arkansas are Hot Springs and Eureka Springs.
10. NASA’s Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center was the control center for the Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo space flights.

SKILL 3 PRESENT PARTICIPLES
EXERCISE 3 : Each of the following sentences contains one or more present participles. Underline the subject once and bold the verb twice. Italic the present participles and label them as adjectives or verb. Then indicate if the sentences are correct ( C ) or incorrect ( I).
C 1. The crying (adj) baby needs to be picked up
I 2. The clothes are lying (verb) on the floor should go into the washing machine.
I 3. The waitress bringing (adj) the steaming (adj) soup to the waiting (adj) diners.
C 4. Most of the striking (adj) workers are walking (verb) the picked line.
C 5. For her birthday, the child is getting (verb) a talking (adj) doll.
I 6. The setting (adj) sun creating (adj) a rainbow of colors in the sky.
C 7. The ship is sailing(verb) to Mexico is leaving (verb) tonight.
C 8. The letters needing(adj) immediate answers are on the desk.
I 9. The borring (adj) class just ending (adj) a few minutes ago.
C 10. The fast-moving (adj) clouds are bringing (verb) freezing (adj) rain to the area.

SKILL 4 PAST PARTICIPLES
EXERCISE 4 : Each of the following sentences contains one or more present participles. Underline the subject once and bold the verb twice. Italic the present participles and label them as adjectives or verb. Then indicate if the sentences are correct ( C ) or incorrect ( I).
I 1. The food is served (verb) in this restaurant is delicious.
C 2. The plane landed on the deserted (adj) runway.
I 3. The unexpected (adj) guests arrived (verb) just at dinnertime.
C 4. The courses are listed (verb) in the catalague are required (verb) courses.
I 5. The teacher found the lost exam.
I 6. The small apartement very crowded (adj)and disorganized (adj).
I 7. The photographs developed (adj )yesterday showed (adj) sam and his friends.
I 8. The locked (adj) drawer contained (adj) the unworn jewels.
I 9. The tree was blown over in the storm was cut into logs.
C 10. The students registered (adj) in this course are listed (verb) on that sheet of paper.

EXERCISE (Skill 3-4) : Each of the following sentences contains one or more present participles. Underline the subject once and bold the verb twice. Italic the present participles and label them as adjectives or verb. Then indicate if the sentences are correct ( C ) or incorrect ( I).
C 1. Our hosts are serving (verb) drink on the tiled (adj) patio.
I 2. The tired (adj) woman taking (adj) a much needed (adj) nap.
C 3. The letters were sent (verb) on Monday arrived (adj) on Wednesday.
I 4. The winners deserved (adj) the big prize.
C 5. The palnts are growing (verb) in the garden need a lot of water.
I 6. The shining (adj) stars hit up the darkened (adj) sky.
I 7. The driver rapidly increased (adj) the speed of the racing (adj))car.
I 8. The excited (adj) children trying (adj) to build a snowman in the falling (adj) snow.
C 9. The students are completing (verb) the course will graduate in June.
C 10. The dissatisfied (adj) customer is returning(verb) the broken toaster to the store.
TOEFL EXERCISE (Skill 3-4) : Choose the letter of the word or group of words that best completes the sentence.
1. The first plants flowers appreared during the last period of the dinosaur’s reighn.
2. The earliest medicines were obtained from plants of various sorts.
3. Simple sails were made from canvas stretched over a frame.
4. Pluto’s moon Charon is moving in a slightly elliptical path around the planet.
5. Techniques of breath control form an essential part of any training program to improve the voice.
6. Robert E. Lee surrendered the Confederate Army to General Grant in 1865 at the Appomattox Courthouse.
7. The pituitary gland, it is found below the barin, releases hormones to control other glands.
8. At around two years of age, many children regularly produce sentences are containing three or four words
9. Multinational companies are finding it increasingly important to employ internationally acceptable brand names.

10. The cornea is located under the conjunctiva, on the exposed part of the eye.

TOEFL REVIEW EXERCISE (Skill 1-4) : Choose the letter of the word or group of words that best completes the sentence.
1. The Polynesians first settled the Hawaiian Island between A.D.300 and 750.
2. In 1066, abright comet was appearing in the sky attracted much attention.
3. In some dagnerreotype cameras, viewed the object through a hole in the back of the box.
4. In the Stone Age, stone tools were polished with other rock materials.
5. The first steamship to cross the Atlantic was the Savannah, in 1819.
6. The Earth’s plates meet each other at cracks in the Earth called faults.
7. The first plants-like organisms probably lived in the sea, perhaps three billion years ago.
8. In male pattern baldness, heredity has strongly influences the degree of hair loss.
9. In Watch the Skies, Curtis Peebles fascination with making attempt to explain America’s belief in flying saucers.
10. The irregular coastline of Massachusetts is a succession of bays and inlets, with the book of the Cape Cod peninsula in the southeast.

TOEFL

TOEFL


To threaten with bulletin 2002-2003, TOEFL test was proficiency test , the meaning of TOEFL test used to measure English capacity for someone without hooked the way of direct with educated process. So, TOEFL was different with achievment test, the neaning of achievment test that veil test the limit of ingredient that student had the lesson in English class. TOEFL to snatch at four aspect, there are :
1. Listening Comprehension
2. Structure and Written Expression
3. Reading Comprehension
4. Test Of Written English (TWE)
First aspect, Listening Comprehension, the number of question was 50 grain. There was participant of TOEFL test would capable tested to pay good attentiontwo person conversation, two or three person conversation, and dialoque or lecture.
Second aspect, Structure and Written Coprehension, the number tested would capable tested standart of English structure as far as could to good arranged of science report. Third aspect, Reading Comprehension, the number of question was 50 grain for tested capable reseptive for someone, understood, and relized contain relited for time the limit. The last aspect, Test Of Written English (TWE), the question only one question that time the limit was 30 minutes. Sutrisno (2003:4), there are three kinds TOEFL test are Interbational TOEFL test was Institutional test and TOEFL Like-test. Different both of two kinds TOEFL above are question of Internationls TOEFL always new for each performnace, precisely question of Institutional test and TOEFL Like-test sourced of questions several to year ago from International TOEFL test.
Based of paired there are two kinds TOEFL are paper-based TOEFL test and computer –based TOEFL test, First of kinds was tested that tasked on the paper and the second tested that tasked to used computer. Both scorer of two kinds test are valid. In Indonesia,cities that to perform computer-based testing are Jakarta, Surabaya, and Medan. Perid of TOEFL test was different. For International TOEFL test was two yaers period that could accepted all university in the world. For Institutional TOEFL only six month period, cost of study more lower, could not to used apply to go country. TOEFL like-test could not to used apply to go country university, to complete condition university in Indonesia. Substantion tested in paper-based TOEFL test and computer-based TOEFL test as not same.
In first, Test of Written English (TWE) sometimes not tested, but in second test of Written English (TWE) sometimes tested. According to computer based TOEFL test, question of Listening Comprehension have adaptive characteristic, this was complicated question definited of ability someone for asked question number one with true. The meaning of that sentence was wheather someone or particiipant TOEFL test could not asked question number one with true. So, computer would precipate or choosing question numebr two with complicated degree which more easy. On other hand, wheather participant could asked question with true, so the next question would more complicated. One of aspect which tested in TOEFL test was Structure and Written Expression. Purposed was for test capability of formal English structure for candidate of participant test.
According capability structure which enough candidate of participant test hope could written expression, such as paper, work reprt, and the and of task suitable with standart. Other that, participant of TOEFL test hope could have capability of to pay good attention at S2 and S3 educate, productive of capability such as presentation of research result, paper, and poetry of science at S2 and S3 university in Indonesia. To get tall TOEFL score, someone shall strongly gain control english language excellently. It happens since:
1. TOEFL'S problem is made with tall handicap zoom
2. Workmanship time essays really circumscribed
Thus, we need to unlimber with every consideration, which is studies one of aspect whatever available in essays TOEFL, which is Structure and Written Expression.

INDONESIA BERSATU

Pertandingan sepakbola yang diselenggarakan oleh negara -negara ASEAN kini telah memasuki babak final. Piala SUZUKI AFF yang diselenggarakan setiap 2 tahun sekali, kini menyisakan 2 negara terbaik yaitu Indonesia dan Malaysia. Sebelumnya kedua negara tersebut berada dalam satu group dalam babak penyisihan. Pada pertandingan penyisihan Malaysia takluk oleh keperkasaan tim Garuda dengan skor telak 5-1 yang motori oleh Firman Utina selaku Kapten di dalam tim. Namun Malaysia akan memberikan balasan atas kekalahannya.

Hal itu terbukti ketika leg 1 Malaysia vs Indonesia pada tanggal 26 Desember 2010 di stadion Bukit Jalil, Malaysia berhasil membobol gawang Indonesia. Skor akhir menjadi 3-0 atas kemenangan Malaysia.Banyak pihak yang merasa kecewa terhadap hasil tersebut terutama masyarakat Indonesia. Sebelum gol dicetak oleh tim dariMalaysia gangguan berupa sinar laser dan ledakan di tengah lapangan membuat kinsntrasi para pemain Indonesia menjadi terganggu. Markus Haris Maulana yang bertugas menjaga gawang In donesia adalah orang yang paling merasa terganggu. Hal tersebut terlihat jelas pada saat Ia memprotes wasit sehingga pertandingan dihentikan sementara.

Setelah insiden itu, pertandingan pun dilanjutkan. Pada saat itulah gol demi gol dicetak oleh pemain Malaysia.Masyarakat Indonesia merasa sangat kecewa dengan tindakan dari oknum - oknum yang tidak bertanggungjawab tersebut. Namun, pemerintah Indonsia menghimbau agar Timnas tetap semangat, optimis, dan fair play unutk menghadapi Malaysia pada leg 2 yang akan diselenggarakan pada tanggal 29 Desember 2010 mendatang. Masyarakat Indonesia tidak boleh larut dengan kekecewaan yang lalu, tapi masyarakat Indonesia harus bersaru untuk mendukung dan memberikan doa agar Indonesia berhasil membawa pulang Piala SUZUKI AFF 2010.

TANGGUNG JAWAB SOSIAL PERUSAHAAN

Setiap perusahaan harus memperhatikan masyarakat. Tindakan yang dilakukan perusahaan sebaiknya memikirkan kebutuhan masyarakat
Perusahaan diciptakan oleh masyarakat demi kepentingan masyarakat. Maka kalau tidak lagi berguna bagi masyarakat, masyarakat bisa saja mengubahnya.


Tanggung jawab sosial perusahaan sangat erat kaitannya dengan pertanyaan-pertanyaan berikut:
*Apakah memang perusahaan punya tanggung jawab moral dan sosial ?
*Kalau ada, manakah lingkup tanggung jawab itu ?
*Apakah, terkait dengan tanggung jawab sosial perusahaan itu, perusahaan perlu terlibat dalam kegiatan sosial yang berguna bagi masyarakat atau tidak ?
*Bagaimana tanggung jawab sosial perusahaan itu dapat dioperasionalkan dalam suatu perusahaan

1. Syarat bagi Tanggung Jawab Moral
*Tindakan itu dijalankan oleh pribadi yang rasional
*Bebas dari tekanan, ancaman, paksaan atau apapun namanya
*Orang yang melakukan tindakan tertentu memang mau melakukan tindakan itu

2. Status Perusahaan
Terdapat dua pandangan (Richard T. De George, Business Ethics, hlm.153), yaitu:
*Legal-creator, perusahaan sepenuhnya ciptaan hukum, karena itu ada hanya berdasarkan hukum
*Legal-recognition, suatu usaha bebas dan produktif

Tanggung jawab sosial perusahaan hanya dinilai dan diukur berdasarkan sejauh mana perusahaan itu berhasil mendatangkan keuntungan sebesar-besarnya (Milton Friedman,The Social Responsibilities of Business to Increase Its Profits, New York Times Magazine,13-09-1970)

"Ini hanyalah bentuk tanggung jawab legal…"

*Anggapan bahwa perusahaan tidak punya tanggung jawab moral sama saja dengan mengatakan bahwa kegiatan perusahaan bukanlah kegiatan yang dijalankan oleh manusia
*Tanggung jawab moral perusahaan dijalankan oleh staf manajemen
*Tanggung jawab legal tidak dapat dipisahkan dari tanggung jawab moral

"Sesungguhnya, pada tingkat operasional bukan hanya staf manajemen yang memikul tanggung jawab sosial dan moral perusahaan ini, melainkan seluruh karyawan…."

3.Lingkup Tanggung jawab Sosial
*Keterlibatan perusahaan dalam kegiatan sosial yang berguna bagi kepentingan masyarakat luas
*Keuntungan ekonomis


4.Argumen yang Menentang Perlunya Keterlibatan Sosial Perusahaan
*Tujuan utama Bisnis adalah Mengejar Keuntungan Sebesar-besarnya
*Tujuan yang terbagi-bagi dan Harapan yang membingungkan
*Biaya Keterlibatan Sosial
*Kurangnya Tenaga Terampil di Bidang Kegiatan Sosial

5. Argumen yang Mendukung Perlunya Keterlibatan Sosial Perusahaan
*Kebutuhan dan Harapan Masyarakat yang Semakin Berubah
*Terbatasnya Sumber Daya Alam
*Lingkungan Sosial yang Lebih Baik
*Perimbangan Tanggung Jawab dan Kekuasaan
*Bisnis Mempunyai Sumber Daya yang Berguna
*Keuntungan Jangka Panjang

6. Implementasi Tanggung Jawab Sosial Perusahaan
*Prinsip utama dalam suatu organisasi profesional, termasuk perusahaan, adalah bahwa struktur mengikuti strategi
*Artinya, struktur suatu organisasi didasarkan ditentukan oleh strategi dari organisasi atau perusahaan itu
*Strategi yang diwujudkan melalui struktur organisasi demi mencapai tujuan dan misi perusahaan perlu dievaluasi secara periodik, salah satu bentuk evaluasi yang mencakup nilai-nilai dan tanggung jawab sosial perusahaan adalah Audit Sosial
Strategi umumnya menetapkan dan menggariskan arah yang akan ditempuh oleh perusahaan dalam menjalankan kegiatan bisnisnya demi mencapai tujuan dan misi sesuaia dengan nilai yang dianut perusahaan itu.

ETIKA UTILITARIANISME DALAM BISNIS

1.Etika Utilitarianisme Dalam Bisnis
*Kriteria dan Prinsip Etika Utilitarianisme
*Nilai Positif Etika Utilitarianisme
*Utilitarianisme Sebagai Proses dan Standar Penilaian
*Analisa Keuntungan dan Kerugian
*Kelemahan Etika Utilitarianisme

Etika Utilitarianisme
*Dikembangkan pertama kali oleh Jeremi Bentham (1748 -1832).
*Adalah tentang bagaimana menilai baik buruknya suatu kebijaksanaan sosial politik, ekonomi dan legal secara moral.

2.Kriteria dan Prinsip Etika Utilitarianisme
*Pertama, MANFAAT
*Kedua, MANFAAT TERBESAR
*Ketiga, MANFAAT TERBESAR BAGI SEBANYAK MUNGKIN ORANG

"Bertindaklah sedemikian rupa sehingga tindakanmu itu mendatangkan keuntungan sebesar mungkin bagi sebanyak mungkin orang."
Dapat disimpulkan bahwa, apabila kita melakukan suatu tindakan haruslah memikirkan dampak baik dan buruknya. Seseorang yang berpikir jauh ke depan akan merasa siap apabila mengahadapi masalah yang mungkin terjadi. Selian itu, antisipasi dalam menghadapi kemungkinan buruk juga perlu diperhatikan. Oleh karen itu, seharusnya kita dapat melakukan tindakan yang baik untuk medapatkan keuntungan bagi kita maupun ornga lain sehingga tidak ada saatupun pihak yang merasa dirugikan.


3.Nilai Positif Etika Utilitarianisme
*Pertama, Rasionalitas.
*Kedua, Utilitarianisme sangat menghargai kebebasan setiap pelaku moral.
*Ketiga, Universalitas.

Rasionalitas yaitu apapun tindakan kita harus berdasarkan nalar dan akal sehat manusia sehingga dapat diterima orang lain.

Pelaku moral harus bertanggungjawab atas apa yang telah dilakukan. kebebasan disini bukanlah bebas dalam melakukan tindakan yang dapat merugiakan orang lain tetapi justru kebebasan dalam arti positif dan dapat dipertanggungjawabkan.

Masud dari universalitas yaitu menyeluruh, bukan pihak-pihak tertentu ataupun sebagian golongan saja.


Utilitarianisme sbg proses dan sebagai Standar Penilaian
*Pertama, etika utilitarianisme digunakan sbg proses untuk mengambil keputusan, kebijaksanaan atau untuk bertindak.
*Kedua, etika utilitarianisme sebagai standar penilaian bagi tindakan atau kebijaksanaan yang telah dilakukan.

4.Analisis Keuntungan dan Kerugian
Dalam Etika Utilitarianisme, manfaat dan kerugian selalu dikaitkan dg semua orang yg terkait, shg analisis keuntungan dan kerugian tidak lagi semata-mata tertuju langsung pd keuntungan bagi perusahaan.

Analisis keuntungan dan kerugian dalam kerangka Etika bisnis:
*Pertama, keuntungan dan kerugian, cost and benefits, yg dianalisis tidak dipusatkan pd keuntungan dan kerugian perusahaan.
*Kedua, analisis keuntungan dan kerugian tidak ditempatkan dlm kerangka uang.
*Ketiga, analisis keuntungan dan kerugian untuk jangka panjang

5.Langkah konkret yang perlu diambil dalam membuat kebijaksanaan bisnis , berkaitan dg Analisis keuntungan dan kerugian :
*Mengumpulkan dan mempertimbangkan alternatif kebijaksanaan dan kegiatan bisnis sebanyak-banyaknya.
*Seluruh alternatif pilihan dalam analisis keuntungan dan kerugian, dinilai berdasarkan keuntungan yg menyangkut aspek-aspek moral.
*Analisis Neraca keuntungan dan kerugian perlu dipertimbangkan dalam kerangka jk panjang.

6.Kelemahan Etika Utilitarisme
*Pertama, manfaat merupakan konsep yg begitu luas shg dalam kenyataan praktis akan menimbulkan kesulitan yg tidak sedikit
*Kedua, etika utilitarisme tidak pernah menganggap serius nilai suatu tindakan pd dirinya sendiri dan hanya memperhatikan nilai suatu tindakan sejauh berkaitan dg akibatnya.
*Ketiga, etika utilitarisme tidak pernah menganggap serius kemauan baik seseorang
*Keempat, variabel yg dinilai tidak semuanya dpt dikualifikasi.
*Kelima, seandainya ketiga kriteria dari etika utilitarisme saling bertentangan, maka akan ada kesulitan dlam menentukan proiritas di antara ketiganya
*Keenam, etika utilitarisme membenarkan hak kelompok minoritas tertentu dikorbankan demi kepentingan mayoritas

BISNIS DAN ETIKA

* Mitos Bisnis Amoral
Mengungkapkan suatu keyakinan bahwa antara bisnis dan moralitas atau etika tidak ada hubungan sama sekali
Etika justru bertentangan dengan bisnis dan akan membuat pelaku bisnis kalah dalam persaingan bisnis yang ketat
Orang bisnis tidak perlu memperhatikan imbauan-imbauan, norma-norma dan nilai moral

Argumen:

*Bisnis adalah suatu persaingan, sehingga pelaku bisnis harus berusaha dengan segala cara dan upaya untuk bisa menang
*Aturan yang dipakai dalam permainan penuh persaingan, berbeda dari aturan yang dikenal dalam kehidupan sosial sehingga tidak bisa dinilai dengan aturan moral dan sosial
*Orang bisnis yang mau mematuhi aturan moral atau etika akan berada pada posisi yang tidak menguntungkan

Mitos bisnis amoral tidak sepenuhnya benar

*Beberapa perusahaan ternyata bisa berhasil karena memegang teguh kode etis dan komitmen moral tertentu
*Bisnis adalah bagian aktivitas yang penting dari masyarakat, sehingga norma atau nilai yang dianggap baik dan berlaku di masyarakat ikut dibawa serta dalam kegiatan bisnis
*Harus dibedakan antara legalitas dan moralitas
Suatu praktek atau kegiatan bisnis mungkin saja diterima secara legal karena ada dasar hukum, tetapi tidak diterima secara moral (monopoli?)

Etika harus dibedakan dari ilmu empiris.
Etika tidak mendasarkan norma atau prinsipnya pada kenyataan faktual yang terus berulang.
Menurut Hume :dari kenyataan yang ada (is) tidak bisa ditarik sebuah perintah normatif (ought).
contoh : sogok, suap,kolusi, monopoli,nepotisme
Berbagai aksi protes yang mengecam berbagai pelanggaran dalam kegiatan bisnis menunjukkan bahwa bisnis harus dijalankan secara baik dan tetap mengindahkan norma-norma moral.

Bisnis dan etika adalah dua hal yang berbeda dan terpisah satu sama lain. bahkan sebagaimana diungkapkan salah satu argumen, etika justru bertentangan dengan bisnis dan akan membuat pelaku bisnis kalah dalam persaingan bisnis yang ketat. Maka, orang bisnis tidak perlu memperhatikan imbauan-imabaun,norma-norma, dan nilai-nilai.
Kegiatan bisnis adalah kegiatan manusia, bisnis dapat dan memang pada tempatnya untuk dinilai dari sudut pandang moral, dari sudut

Keutamaan Etika bisnis

1. Dalam bisnis modern, para pelaku bisnis dituntut untuk menjadi orang-orang profesional di bidangnya
Perusahaan yang unggul bukan hanya memiliki kinerja dalam bisnis,manajerial dan finansial yang baik akan tetapi juga kinerja etis dan etos bisnis yang baik

2. Dalam persaingan bisnis yang sangat ketat,maka konsumen benar-benar raja
Kepercayaan konsumen dijaga dengan memperlihatkan citra bisnis yang baik dan etis

3. Dalam sistem pasar terbuka dengan peran pemerintah yang menjamin kepentingan dan hak bagi semua pihak, maka perusahaan harus menjalankan bisnisnya dengan baik dan etis
4. Perusahaan modern sangat menyadari bahwa karyawan bukanlah tenaga yang harus dieksploitasi demi mendapat keuntungan
Kenneth Blanchard dan Norman Vincent Peale: “perlakuan yang baik terhadap karyawan telah menaikkan keuntungan perusahaan sebesar 20% atau telah menurunkan harga produk perusahaan tersebut sebesar 20%.

Sasaran dan Lingkup Etika Bisnis
1.Etika bisnis bertujuan untuk menghimbau pelaku bisnis agar menjalankan bisnisnya secara baik dan etis
2.Untuk menyadarkan masyarakat khususnya konsumen, buruh atau karyawan dan masyarakat luas akan hak dan kepentingan mereka yang tidak boleh dilanggar oleh praktek bisnis siapapun juga
3.Etika bisnis juga berbicara mengenai sistem ekonomi yang sangat menentukan etis tidaknya suatu praktek bisnis



Keuntungan dan etika

Tujuan bisnis adalah mengejar keuntungan. Keuntungan adalah hal yang pokok bagi kelangsungan bisnis, walaupun bukan merupakan tujuan satu-satunya, sebagaimana dianut pandangan bisnis yang ideal.

Sasaran dan lingkup etika bisnis
1. Etika bisnis sebagai etika profesi membahas berbagai prinsip, kondisi, dan masalah yang terkait dengan praktek bisnis yang baik dan etis.
2. Untuk menyadarkan masyarakat khususnya konsumen, buruh atau karyawan dan masyarakat luas akan hak dan kepentingan mereka yang tidak boleh dilanggar oleh praktek bisnis apapun juga.
3. Etika bisnis juga berbicara mengenai sistem ekonomi yang sangat menentukan etis tidaknya suatu bisnis.

Prinsip-prinsip Etika Bisnis

1. Prinsip otonomi
Otonomi adalah sikap dan kemampuan manusia untuk mengambil keputusan dan bertindak berdasarkan kesadaran sendiri tentang apa yang dianggapnya baik untuk dilakukan.
Orang yang otonom adalah orang yang bebas mengambil keputusan dan tindakan serta bertanggung jawab atas keputusan dan tindakannya tersebut
2. Prinsip Kejujuran
*Kejujuran dalam pemenuhan syarat-syarat perjanjian dan kontrak
*Kejujuran dalam penawaran barang dan jasa dengan mutu dan harga sebanding
*Kejujuran dalam hubungan kerja intern dalam suatu perusahaan
3. Prinsip Keadilan
Prinsip keadilan menuntut agar setiap orang diperlakukan secara sama sesuai dengan aturan yang adil dan sesuai dengan kriteria yang rasional objektif dan dapat dipertanggung jawabkan
4. Prinsip Saling Menguntungkan
Prinsip ini menuntut agar bisnis dijalankan sedemikian rupa sehingga menguntungkan semua pihak.
Dalam bisnis yang kompetitif, prinsip ini menuntut agar persaingan bisnis haruslah melahirkan suatu win-win solution
5. Prinsip Integritas Moral
Prinsip ini dihayati sebagai tuntutan internal dalam diri pelaku bisnis atau perusahaan agar dia menjalankan bisnis dengan tetap menjaga nama baiknya atau nama baik perusahaan

Etos Bisnis

Etos bisnis adalah suatu kebiasaan atau budaya moral menyangkut kegiatan bisnis yang dianut dalam suatu perusahaan dari satu generasi ke generasi yang lain.
Inti etos ini adalah pembudayaan atau pembiasaan penghayatan akan nilai, norma, atau prinsip moral tertentu yang dianggap sebagai inti kekuatan dari suatu perusahaan yang juga membedakannya dari perusahaan yang lain.
Etos bisnis dibangun atas dasar visi atau filsafat bisnis pendiri perusahaan sebagai penghayatan tentang bisnis yang baik.


Relativitas Moral dalam Bisnis

Dalam bisnis global yang tidak mengenal batas negara, etika masyarakat mana yang harus diikuti?
Tiga pandangan umum yang dianut :
1. Norma etis berbeda antara satu tempat dengan tempat yang lain.
‘’Kalau di Roma, bertindaklah sebagaimana dilakukan orang roma’’( kubu komunitarian )
Artinya perusahaan harus mengikuti norma dan aturan moral yang berlaku di negara itu.
2. Norma sendirilah yang paling benar dan tepat
“Bertindaklah di mana saja sesuai dengan prinsip yang dianut dan berlaku di negaramu sendiri”
Pandangan ini mewakili kubu moralisme universal, bahwa pada dasarnya norma dan nilai moral berlaku universal (prinsip yang dianut sendiri juga berlaku di negara lain)

3. Tidak ada norma moral yang perlu diikuti sama sekali (De George menyebutnya sebagai dengan”immoralis naif”)
Pandangan ini sama sekali tidak benar.

*Pendekatan stakeholder ialah cara mengamati dan menjelaskan secara analitis bagaimana berbagai unsur akan dipengaruhi dan juga mempengaruhi keputusan dan tindakan bisnis
*Memetakan hubungan-hubungan yang terjalin
*Pendekatan Stakeholder dalam kegiatan bisnis pada umumnya untuk memperlihatkan siapa saja yang mempunyai kepentingan, terkait, dan terlibat dalam bisnis itu

* ”Bisnis harus dijalankan sedemikian rupa agar hak dan kepentingan semua pihak terkait yang berkepentingan (stakeholders) dengan suatu kegiatan bisnis harus bisa dijamin, diperhatikan dan dihargai” (disebut tujuan imperatif)

*Bermuara pada prinsip minimal : menuntut agar bisnis apapun perlu dijalankan secara baik dan etis demi menjamin kepentingan stakeholder

Kelompok stakeholders:

1.Kelompok primer. Pemilik modal atau saham, kreditor, karyawan, pemasok, konsumen, penyalur dan pesaing atau rekanan. Perusahaan harus menjalin relasi bisnis yang baik dan etis dengan kelompok ini
2.Kelompok sekunder. Pemerintah setempat, pemerintah asing, kelompok sosial, media massa, kelompok pendukung, masyarakat

Konsep tanggung jawab sosial
Konsep tanggung jawab sosial dan moral perusahaan dikatakan bahwa suatu perusahaan harus bertanggung jawab atas tindakan dan kegiatan bisnisnya yang mempunyai penagruh atas orang-orang tertentu, masyarakat, serta lingkungan dimana perushaan itu beroperasi.


Argumen yang menentang perlunya keterlibatan sosial perusahaan
1. tujuan utama bisnis adalah mengejar keuntungan sebesar-besarnya
2. tujuan yang terbagi-bagi dan harapan yang membingungkan
3. biaya keterlibatan sosial
4. kurangnya tenaga terampil di bidang kegiatan sosial

Argumen yang mendukung perlunya keterlibatan sosial perusahaan
1. kebutuhan dan harapan masayrakat yang semakin berubah
2. terbatasnya sumber daya alam
3. lingkungan sosial yang lebih baik
4. perimbangan tanggung jawab dan kekuasaan
5. bisnis mempunyai sumber-sumber daya yang berguna
6. keuntungan jangka panjang